However, the compromise was agreed without the knowledge of Conservative leader William Hague and Salisbury was dismissed as Conservative Leader in the House of Lords. He was more vehement than any one for going on. It was now especially important to protect the Suez Canal and the sea lanes to India and Asia. Elizabeth I (1533-1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to her death. [32][33] By standing with a Latin American nation against the encroachment of the British, the US improved relations with the Latin Americans, and the cordial manner of the procedure improved American diplomatic relations with Britain. The Reform Bill laid down that the majority of the 670 constituencies were to be roughly equal size and return one member; those between 50,000 and 165,000 kept the two-member representation and those over 165,000 and all the counties were split up into single-member constituencies. In 1605 he was further created Earl of Salisbury. The same day he met Carnarvon and they both studied the figures, coming to the same result each time: "A complete revolution would be effected in the boroughs" due to the new majority of the working-class electorate. Negotiations with Germany on broader issues failed. [5] Lord Salisbury then served under his close political ally John Major as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords from 1994 to 1997. Cranborne studied Baxter's statistics and on 21 February he met Lord Carnarvon, who wrote in his diary: "He is firmly convinced now that Disraeli has played us false, that he is attempting to hustle us into his measure, that Lord Derby is in his hands and that the present form which the question has now assumed has been long planned by him". He was known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868. "[5] Searle says that instead of seeing his party's victory in 1886 as a harbinger of a new and more popular Conservatism, he longed to return to the stability of the past, when his party's main function was to restrain demagogic liberalism and democratic excess. [61], Many historians portray Salisbury as a principled statesman of traditional, aristocratic conservatism: a prime minister who promoted cautious imperialism and resisted sweeping parliamentary and franchise reforms. [36][37], After gold was discovered in the South African Republic (called Transvaal) in the 1880s, thousands of British men flocked to the gold mines. [7]:2978, Salisbury wrote to Lady John Manners on 14 June that he did not regard female suffrage as a question of high importance "but when I am told that my ploughmen are capable citizens, it seems to me ridiculous to say that educated women are not just as capable. The unspoken implication being that Salisbury would relinquish the party leadership if his plan was not supported. Gladstone offered wavering Conservatives a compromise a little short of enfranchisement and redistribution, and after the Queen unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Salisbury to compromise, he wrote to Rev. The marriage proved a happy one. [7]:4042, In 1866 Lord Robert, now Viscount Cranborne after the death of his older brother, entered the third government of Lord Derby as Secretary of State for India. He served in Benjamin Disraeli 's government . Salisbury became the leader of the Conservative members of the House of Lords, though the overall leadership of the party was not formally allocated. 1969) [1] is an activist, politician and Canadian musician, [2] who has campaigned for many years for the legalization of cannabis, and to facilitate access to the drug for health reasons. [1] Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries, particularly the 3rd Marquess, who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The heir apparent is the present holder's son Robert Edward William Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (b. The Conservative boroughs with populations less than 25,000 (a majority of the boroughs in Parliament) would be very much worse off under Disraeli's scheme than the Liberal Reform Bill of the previous year: "But if I assented to this scheme, now that I know what its effect will be, I could not look in the face those whom last year I urged to resist Mr Gladstone. After one of the last meetings on 26 November, Gladstone told his secretary that "Lord Salisbury, who seems to monopolise all the say on his side, has no respect for tradition. In the end the county franchise was granted to householders rated at 12 annually. [1] Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries, particularly the 3rd Marquess, who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (October 2020) The procession for the coronation of Elizabeth II was an element of the ceremony in which court, clerical, governmental, and parliamentary officials from around the Commonwealth of Nations moved in a set order of precedence through the streets of London, England, and into Westminster Abbey, where the coronation took place. View history. However, he came to regret this, saying in November 1894 that the LCC, "is the place where collectivist and socialistic experiments are tried. "[67] Historian Peter T. Marsh states: "In the field of foreign affairs, where he was happiest and most successful, he kept his own counsel and eschewed broad principles of conduct, preferring close-eyed realism and reliability of conduct. From 1861 to 1864 he published 422 articles in it; in total the weekly published 608 of his articles. The Right Reverend Lord William Gascoyne-Cecil, Bishop of Exeter; Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood; Lord Edward Cecil; and Hugh Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood; were all younger sons of the third Marquess. The Liberals, however, lost the 1895 general election, and Salisbury for the third and last time became prime minister. Sixty years ago on 2 June 1953 crowds lined the streets of London to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. "Three British Prime Ministers and the Survival of the Ottoman Empire, 18551902. [45] However, on the whole, the war was well received by the British public, which staged numerous public demonstrations and parades of support. He would oppose "any such tampering with our representative system as shall disturb the reciprocal powers on which the stability of our constitution rests". Marquess of Salisbury DL. He was born into a Welsh family, the third son of Richard Cecil ap Philip Seisyllt of Alt-yr-Ynys on the border of Herefordshire and Monmouthshire but settled near Stamford, Lincolnshire. Attlee immediately replied: "Salisbury". From 1868 he was Honorary Colonel of the Hertfordshire Militia, which became the 4th (Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment, in 1881, and which was commanded in South Africa during the Second Boer War by his eldest son.[10][11][12]. The same year he assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Gascoyne. It was planned for the next day, 25 February. Maurice Cowling, 'The Present Position', in Cowling (ed.). Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of Salisbury, (born, Feb. 3, 1830, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Eng.died Aug. 22, 1903, Hatfield), British prime minister (1885-86, 1886-92, 1895-1902). Conservative politician who was elected prime minister on three separate occasions: 1885-6, 1886-92 and 1895-1902. [7]:501. [7]:98, In his article for the October Quarterly Review, entitled 'The Conservative Surrender', Cranborne criticised Derby because he had "obtained the votes which placed him in office on the faith of opinions which, to keep office, he immediately repudiatedHe made up his mind to desert these opinions at the very moment he was being raised to power as their champion". [7]:540 This was aimed at France and Russia. [7]:298300 Salisbury published an article in the National Review for October, titled 'The Value of Redistribution: A Note on Electoral Statistics'. Paul Smith characterises his personality as "deeply neurotic, depressive, agitated, introverted, fearful of change and loss of control, and self-effacing but capable of extraordinary competitiveness. Cecil notably served under Queen Elizabeth I and later King James I as Secretary of State, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Lord Privy Seal and Lord High Treasurer. He led Britain to victory in a bitter, controversial war against the Boers, and led the Unionists to another electoral victory in 1900. About History Famous people / organisations Robert (Cecil), Marquess of Salisbury Robert (Cecil), Marquess of Salisbury Statesman In the nave of Westminster Abbey near the west door is an altar tomb of black marble with a bronze effigy of Robert, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister. [39] British efforts were based from its Cape Colony and the Colony of Natal. However, the charges were not brought any further and he was succeeded by his son, the fifth Earl, Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire. Harold Temperley, and Lillian M. Penson, eds; This page was last edited on 16 July 2023, at 13:03. [7]:3940, Salisbury criticised the foreign policy of Lord John Russell, claiming he was "always being willing to sacrifice anything for peace colleagues, principles, pledges a portentous mixture of bounce and baseness dauntless to the weak, timid and cringing to the strong". He also served as Secretary of State for . ), Public Archives of Canada, Gowan Papers, M-1900, Thompson to Gowan, 20 September 1893, James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, bitter, controversial war against the Boers, ranked in the upper tier of British prime ministers, 4th (Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Timeline of British diplomatic history 18971919, Venezuelan crisis with the United States erupted, High Steward of the City and Liberty of Westminster, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury, James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury, Lord Rupert Ernest William Cecil, Lord Bishop of Exeter, Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Lord Hugh Richard Heathcote Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood, Secretary of State for the Home Department, Unionist government, 18951905 Salisbury ministry, International relations of the Great Powers (18141919). Balfour's cabinet in October as lord privy seal. Tue 15 Jul 2003 12.01 EDT The sixth Marquess of Salisbury, who has died aged 86, strikingly lacked the gene of political manipulation that has marked out the Cecils for over four centuries.. Although there was some dissent, Salisbury carried the party with him. After Disraeli's death in 1881, Salisbury emerged as the Conservative leader in the House of Lords, with Sir Stafford Northcote leading the party in the Commons. Portugal, financially hard-pressed, had to abandon several territories corresponding to today's Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe in favour of the Empire. I do not think that such a proceeding is for the interest of the country. During the period of the coronation of Elizabeth II, . Other Rhodesian/Zimbabwean connections include the suburbs of Hatfield, Cranborne and New Sarum. This article is about the title in the Peerage of Great Britain. [72] It was on Cowling's suggestion that Paul Smith edited a collection of Salisbury's articles from the Quarterly Review. He represented Weymouth in the House of Commons and also served as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners and as Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire and Dorsetshire. [74], In 1967, Clement Attlee (Labour Party prime minister, 194551) was asked who he thought was the best prime minister of his lifetime. He decided that most people were cowardly and cruel, and that the mob would run roughshod over sensitive individuals. Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of Salisbury, (born Feb. 3, 1830, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Eng.died Aug. 22, 1903, Hatfield), Conservative political leader who was three-time prime minister (1885-86, 1886-92, 1895-1902) and four-time foreign secretary (1878, 1885-86, 1886-92, 1895-1900), who presided over a wide expansion of G. Queen Elizabeth II. Salisbury was buried at St Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield, where his predecessor as prime minister, Lord Melbourne, is also interred. The uitlanders heavily outnumbered the Boers in cities and mining districts; they had to pay heavy taxes, and had limited civil rights and no right to vote. It is difficult to exaggerate the misery which such conditions of life must cause, or the impulse they must give to vice. Hatfield House itself is a 223-room Jacobean estate built by the first Earl of Salisbury, Robert Cecil, in 1611. I entreat honourable Gentlemen opposite not to believe that my feelings on this subject are dictated simply by my hostility on this particular measure, though I object to it most strongly, as the House is aware. [7]:17, At the Bendigo goldfields in Australia, he claimed that "there is not half as much crime or insubordination as there would be in an English town of the same wealth and population". Select from premium Marquess Of Salisbury of the highest quality. The Boers were given generous terms, and both former republics were incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910. Lord John Manners observed that Cranborne "remained unmoveable". Salisbury and Northcote agreed that any Reform Bill would be supported only if a parallel redistributionary measure was introduced as well. [46] Soon there were memorials built across Britain. The people whom we have been fighting at Suakin, and whom we have happily conquered, are among the finest tribes in the world, and many of them are as black as my hat". His life spanned the period of England's greatest affluence and power. He oversaw the partition of Africa, the emergence of Germany and the United States as imperial powers, and the transfer of British attention from the Dardanelles to Suez without provoking a serious confrontation of the great powers. When Gladstone came out in favour of Home Rule for Ireland, Salisbury opposed him and formed an alliance with the breakaway Liberal Unionists, winning the subsequent general election. The war cost 217 million and demonstrated the Army urgently needed reforms but it ended in victory for the British and the Conservatives won the Khaki election of 1900. Judging by the 1880 results, Salisbury asserted that the overall loss to the Conservatives of enfranchisement without redistribution would be 47 seats. Ellenberger, Nancy W. "Salisbury" in David Loades, ed. The party's previous leaders had all been appointed as Prime Minister by the reigning monarch on advice from their retiring predecessor, and no process was in place to deal with leadership succession in case either the leadership became vacant while the party was in opposition, or the outgoing leader died without designating a successor, situations which both arose from the death of Disraeli (a formal leadership election system would not be adopted by the party until 1964, shortly after the government of Alec Douglas-Home fell). These pictures which capture some of the atmosphere of the day were taken by. The i reports that Mordaunt declined to wear the black and gold privy councillor court outfit, worn by her male predecessors such as the Marquess of Salisbury at the late Queen's Coronation in . [7]:283 The Pall Mall Gazette argued that Salisbury had sailed into "the turbid waters of State Socialism"; the Manchester Guardian said his article was "State socialism pure and simple" and The Times claimed Salisbury was "in favour of state socialism". In the Americas, for domestic political reasons, U.S. President Cleveland manufactured a quarrel over Venezuela's border with British Guiana. Clipboard Add Export EAC They agreed to "a sort of offensive and defensive alliance on this question in the Cabinet" to "prevent the Cabinet adopting any very fatal course". On 17 November, it was reported in the newspapers that if the Conservatives gave "adequate assurance" that the Franchise Bill would pass the Lords before Christmas the government would ensure that a parallel Seats Bill would receive its second reading in the Commons as the Franchise Bill went into committee stage in the Lords. Whilst at Oxford, he found the Oxford movement or "Tractarianism" to be an intoxicating force, and had an intense religious experience that shaped his life. Sir Julian Pauncefote, Lord Salisbury, and the Venezuela Boundary Dispute.". Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil was born on 30 September 1946, the eldest child and first-born son of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury. This tag can be used only when the author cannot be ascertained by reasonable enquiry. Cross in the Commons and Salisbury in the Lords. "[64] Professor Paul Smith argues that, "into the 'progressive' strain of modern Conservatism he simply will not fit. [7]:86, When parliamentary reform came to prominence again in the mid-1860s, Cranborne worked hard to master electoral statistics until he became an expert. The fourth marquess was also an influential Conservative politician and served as Lord Privy Seal, as President of the Board of Trade, as Lord President of the Council, as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and as Leader of the House of Lords. [7]:2956 Writing to Canon Malcolm MacColl, Salisbury believed that Gladstone's proposals for reform without redistribution would mean "the absolute effacement of the Conservative Party. Secondly: "No one dreams of conducting national affairs with the principles which are prescribed to individuals. This page was last edited on 17 May 2023, at 12:14. It published pamphlets advocating conservative policies. [58][59], Due to breathing difficulties caused by his great weight, Salisbury took to sleeping in a chair at Hatfield House. He was the last prime minister to serve from the House of Lords.[3]. The 6th Marquess had holdings of 8,500 acres around Hatfield House, and 1,300 acres at Cranborne Manor, Dorset. James Baker on 30 October: "Politics stand alone among human pursuits in this characteristic, that no one is conscious of liking them and no one is able to leave them. [63] Professor P.T. [62] Robert Blake considers Salisbury "a great foreign minister, [but] essentially negative, indeed reactionary in home affairs". Then it systematically blocked off and tracked down the highly mobile Boer combat units. Lord Eustace Cecil, fourth son of the second Marquess, was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army and Member of Parliament. His nephew Arthur Balfour acquired a strong reputation for resolute coercion in Ireland, and was promoted to leadership in the Commons in 1891. After representing South Dorset in the House of Commons, he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Cecil in 1992 (the last time a writ of acceleration was issued). Tableau and triumph along the line for the 'stiff' policy which had obtained terms which the funkers had not dared hope for. Henceforth, Queen Elizabeth IIWestminster . It is the place where a new revolutionary spirit finds its instruments and collects its arms". At the time of his obituary he owned property around Leicester and Leicester Square, London, held by Gascoyne Holdings.[7]. In an interview with Politico, she said she "felt it wasn't right" to wear the black-and-gold court ensemble the Marquess of Salisbury wore in 1953, wanting something more modern instead. His death in August 1903 followed a fall from that chair.[8]. Elizabeth as the vestal Virgin Tucia, The Sieve Portrait, Quentin Metsys. Disraeli had "separate and confidential conversationscarried on with each member of the Cabinet from whom he anticipated opposition [which] had divided them and lulled their suspicions". [8] The Lords defeated the second Home Rule Bill by 419 to 41 in September 1893, but Salisbury stopped them from opposing the Liberal Chancellor's death duties in 1894. [7]:3056, Salisbury became prime minister of a minority administration from 1885 to 1886. Read. [7]:100. Salisbury's cabinet convinced him he had to go to arbitration. In 1857, he defied his father, who wanted him to marry a rich heiress to protect the family's lands. [7]:836. In a speech in the Lords, Salisbury claimed: "Now that the people have in no real sense been consulted, when they had, at the last General Election, no notion of what was coming upon them, I feel that we are bound, as guardians of their interests, to call upon the government to appeal to the people, and by the result of that appeal we will abide". He also experienced a heart condition and later blood poisoning caused by an ulcerated leg. Salisbury once again kept the foreign office (from January 1887), and his diplomacy continued to display a high level of skill, avoiding the extremes of Gladstone on the left and Disraeli on the right. Maintaining the alliance forced Salisbury to make concessions in support of progressive legislation regarding Irish land purchases, education, and county councils. The crisis escalated when President Grover Cleveland, citing the Monroe Doctrine, issued an ultimatum in late 1895. Lord Salisbury is also remembered as an adherent of the policy of "splendid isolation", the desire to keep Great Britain out of European affairs and alliances. Cut off from his family money, Robert supported his family through journalism and was later reconciled with his father. Robert and Georgina had eight children, all but one of whom survived infancy. The family seats are Hatfield House and Cranborne Manor. Disraeli responded in a speech that Cranborne was "a very clever man who has made a very great mistake". The Cecils are descended from Sir David Cecil (c. 1460 1540), a Welsh landowner, courtier, and Member of Parliament. When the Cabinet met on 16 February 1867, Disraeli voiced his support for some extension of the suffrage, providing statistics amassed by Robert Dudley Baxter, showing that 330,000 people would be given the vote and all except 60,000 would be granted extra votes. Scott A. Keefer, "Reassessing the Anglo-German Naval Arms Race." Salisbury's comments were criticised by the Queen and by Liberals who believed that Salisbury had suggested that only white Britons could represent a British constituency. His policy rejected entangling allianceswhich at the time and ever since has been called "splendid isolation." All the marquesses, except the 6th marquess, have been appointed as Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter. The Prime Minister let his extremely energetic colonial minister Joseph Chamberlain take charge of the war. The Conservative historian Robert Blake considered Salisbury "the most formidable intellectual figure that the Conservative party has ever produced". The family owned vast rural estates in Hertfordshire and Dorset. [47] Strong public demand for news coverage meant that the war was well covered by journalists including young Winston Churchill and photographers, as well as letter-writers and poets. At 6feet 4inches (193cm) tall, he was also the tallest prime minister. For this he was rewarded with the Order of the Garter along with Disraeli. Andrew Roberts argues that Lord Salisbury, the British Prime Minister most identified with imperialism at its acme, in reality saw the Empire as a mixed blessing at best. These "fancy franchises", as Cranborne had foreseen, did not survive the Bill's course through Parliament; dual voting was dropped in March, the compound householder vote in April; and the residential qualification was reduced in May. His elder half-brother the 2nd Baron Burghley, was created Earl of Exeter in 1605 and is the ancestor of the Marquesses of Exeter. ), Penson, Lillian M. "The Principles and Methods of Lord Salisbury's Foreign Policy.". As Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords after 1997 he played a leading role in negotiating the terms of the House of Lords Act 1999, in which the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the upper chamber of Parliament was abolished. A small-scale private British effort to overthrow Transvaal's President Paul Kruger, the Jameson Raid of 1895, was a fiasco and presaged full-scale conflict as all diplomatic efforts failed. [69] In 1977 the Salisbury Group was founded, chaired by Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury and named after the 3rd Marquess. As a member of the House of Commons (1885-92 and 1893-1903), he won a reputation as a zealous defender of the established church. "[66] One admirer, conservative historian Maurice Cowling, largely agrees with the critics and says Salisbury found the democracy born of the 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts as "perhaps less objectionable than he had expectedsucceeding, through his public persona, in mitigating some part of its nastiness. [71] Cowling claimed that "The giant of conservative doctrine is Salisbury". However, Lord Salisbury was also behind the Salisbury Convention of 1945, which states that the House of Lords shall not oppose the second reading of any government legislation promised in its election manifesto. The meek and poor-spirited among nations are not to be blessed, and the common sense of Christendom has always prescribed for national policy principles diametrically opposed to those that are laid down in the Sermon on the Mount". The fifth Marquess was succeeded by his eldest son, the sixth marquess. For most of his time as prime minister he served not as First Lord of the Treasury, the traditional position held by the prime minister, but as foreign secretary. The Quarterly Review was the foremost intellectual journal of the age and of the twenty-six issues published between spring 1860 and summer 1866, Cecil had anonymous articles in all but three of them. [54] The Elementary School Teachers (Superannuation) Act of 1898 enabled teachers to secure an annuity via the payment of voluntary contributions. When Salisbury died his estate was valued at 310,336,[60] (equivalent to 35,453,159 in 2021). The newly arrived miners were needed for their labour and business operations but were distrusted by the Afrikaners, who called them "uitlanders." His eldest son, the fifth marquess, was also a Conservative politician. [19] He saw the need for maintaining control of the seas and passed the Naval Defence Act 1889, which facilitated the spending of an extra 20million on the Royal Navy over the following four years. Find Marquess Of Salisbury stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. His biggest achievement in this term was obtaining the majority of the new territory in Africa during the Scramble for Africa, avoiding a war or serious confrontation with the other powers. He claimed that the Conservatives "have no cause, for Party reasons, to dread enfranchisement coupled with a fair redistribution". My father's prevailing sentiment is one of complete wonderwe have got all and more than we demanded. [7]:2834, In July 1885 the Housing of the Working Classes Bill was introduced by the Home Secretary, R. A. "[68], Considerable attention has been devoted to his writings and ideas. However, a strong British force unexpectedly confronted a small French military expedition at Fashoda. [28], The tension with Germany had subsided in 1890 after a deal exchanged German holdings in East Africa for an island off the German coast. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Also, the annals of modern parliamentary history could find no parallel for Disraeli's betrayal; historians would have to look "to the days when Sunderland directed the Council, and accepted the favours of James when he was negotiating the invasion of William". The Earl of Salisbury was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. Nancy W. Ellenberger, "Salisbury" in David Loades, ed. Three-quarters of a million people had died because officials had chosen "to run the risk of losing the lives than to run the risk of wasting the money". Tirpitz called for a Risikoflotte or "risk fleet" that would make it too risky for Britain to take on Germany as part of wider bid to alter the international balance of power decisively in Germany's favour. Edit. Cranborne ignored this and the three resigning ministers left the room. Queen Consort The queen consort is the wife of the king. While more commonly referred to as queen, she does not hold any power. 187 cc1296363, "Revealed: How Lord Salisbury hid rape by his British consul in Benin", "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", "Prosopagnosia in biographies and autobiographies", "Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of", "Salisbury's African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890,", Works by or about Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Salisbury, "Archival material relating to Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury", Salisbury, The Empire Builder Who Never Was, Portraits of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury&oldid=1165637805, Hon.
marquess of salisbury coronation
