Similarly, how other high-fat dairy products, such as cheese and yoghurt, are associated with colorectal cancer risk is unclear, as mixed results have been reported from the handful of previous prospective studies. Will Bacon Give you Colorectal Cancer? (2002), Consumption of dairy products in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort: data from 35955 24-hour dietary recalls in 10 European countries, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Cellular Mechanisms of Calcium and Vitamin D in the Inhibition of Colorectal Carcinogenesis, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Llor X, Jacoby RF, Teng BB, Davidson NO, Sitrin MD, et al. The meta-analysis included prospective cohort and case-control studies analyzing the consumption of total dairy products, high-fat dairy products, low-fat dairy products, total milk, whole milk, low-fat milk, fermented dairy products, total yogurt, cultured milk or cheese. Dietary information over the previous 12 months was obtained at study baseline using validated country/centre specific dietary questionnaires. The heterogeneity across countries was explored by taking a meta-analytic approach [26]. Annals of Oncology . Height and weight were measured at the baseline examination in all centres apart from part of Oxford, and all of the Norway and France sub-cohorts, where measurements were self-reported via the lifestyle questionnaire [20]. Summary estimates (RRs for cohort studies and ORs for case-control studies, with the corresponding 95% CIs; log scale) examining the associations between the consumption of dairy products and the risk of CRC. No associations were observed in the Sweden and Denmark cohorts. Boutron MC, Faivre J, Marteau P, Couillault C, Senesse P, Quipourt V. Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, dairy products and colorectal carcinogenesis: a French case-control study. 1C, community controls; CC, colon cancer; CRC, colorectal cancer; DC, distal colon; FF, FF FokI genotype; Ff/ff, Ff/ff FokI genotype; H, hospital controls; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; M, men; NA, not available; NL, subjects in Newfoundland and Labrador; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ON, subjects in Ontario; PC, proximal colon; Q, quantile; R, rectal cancer; ref, reference; W, women. Table S3. Recently, an analysis of the EPIC-Italy cohorts reported a 35% reduced colorectal cancer risk - after adjustment for calcium intake amongst participants who consumed more than 25 g/day of yoghurt compared to non-consumption (less than 1 g/day) [15]. Cox proportional hazard restricted cubic spline models were used to explore possible deviation from a non-linear calcium-colorectal cancer relationship, with five knots specified at the median of each quintile of intake [25]. The inverse cheese-colorectal cancer association observed in the categorical models provides further evidence that the fat content of dairy products does not impair any possible anti-carcinogenic role. In total, the cohort studies included 1,371,848 participants (66% women, 31% men, and 3% undefined) with 11,733 cases recorded during follow-up periods that ranged from 4 to 14.8 y (Table 1). Three cohort studies (14, 18, 19) were used to compare the effects of the highest and the lowest consumption of whole milk on CRC risk (545,046 individuals and 5198 cases). However, this inverse association was not replicated in the linear calibrated model, where a non-significant lower risk was yielded. An official website of the United States government. Dairy and Cancer - NutritionFacts.org The most-studied chemopreventive agent in dairy products is calcium, because dairy products are one of the main contributors of calcium in the diet. Shutterstock Processed meats are some of the worst offenders for increasing risk of cancer. Adjusted for total energy when the total energy met the criteria for covariate inclusion. Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States). Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Lee I-M, Buring JE. Eat small snacks throughout the day. They may give you the galloping trots later, but if they do just remember how great they were going down. Processed meat and cancer: What you need to know Eggs 1.3.2 2. The extra risk associated with high red meat consumption over one's lifetime is then 17% of the 5% estimated lifetime risk of getting colorectal cancer. Most processed meats are red meats. Mizoue T, Kimura Y, Toyomura K, Nagano J, Kono S, Mibu R, Tanaka M, Kakeji Y, Maehara Y, Okamura T et al Calcium, dairy foods, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer risk: the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study. Compared to those in the lower intake quintiles, men and women with higher reported dairy intakes tended to have lower BMIs, higher education level, and reported lower intakes of alcohol, and higher intakes of dietary fibre (Table 2). Other components, such as butyric acid (62, 67), lactoferrin (68), and vitamin D (52, 69), in fortified dairy foods might also have protective effects. In France, Germany and Greece cancer cases during follow-up were identified by a combination of methods including: health insurance records, cancer and pathology registries, and by active follow-up directly through study participants or through next-of-kin. What about plant milks? Spinach or Kale 1.3.3 3. This analysis included 3 case-control study comparisons (31, 48) (Figure 2). Nutrition, lifestyle and colorectal cancer incidence: a prospective investigation of 10 998 vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the United Kingdom, High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, 2 Govers MJ, Termont DS, Lapr JA, Kleibeuker JH, Vonk RJ, VanderMeer R. Calcium in milk products precipitates intestinal fatty acids and secondary bile acids and thus inhibits colonic cytotoxicity in humans. However, the use of validated food-frequency questionnaires could reduce this bias. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. Previously within EPIC, a nested case-control study based on 1,248 colorectal cancer cases reported higher intakes of dietary calcium were associated with lower colorectal cancer risk [19]. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. At present, the available evidence for the divergent associations between cancer sites has not been considered convincing enough to justify potential sex-specific calcium and dairy product intake recommendations. Consumption of Dairy Products and Colorectal Cancer in the European 1 The Surprising Health Benefits of Cheese | GQ Before 100 Foods That Can Cause Cancer Eat This Not That If a small bag of puffy Cheetos will make you joyful, go for it. Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, 8 The summary OR for colon cancer was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.02; I2=24%; P-heterogeneity = 0.26) (Figure 3). Dairy products linked to increased risk of cancer For rectal cancer, the OR was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.20; I2=0%; P-heterogeneity = 0.45; n=2) (Figure 5). Characteristics of the 14 case-control studies included in the meta-analysis examining the associations between the consumption of dairy products and the risk of CRC1. These results are, therefore, of great importance, because despite the lack of scientific evidence, most dietary recommendations encourage the consumption of low-fat dairy products. Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies Association Between Dairy Product Consumption and Colorectal Cancer This additional dietary assessment was used to calibrate for differences in questionnaires across countries [22]. The inverse association was restricted to the colon and not observed for tumours in the rectum, although the difference was not statistically significant (P Heterogeneity =0.79). Dairy product consumption may decrease colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, but very few studies have evaluated the association between different types of dairy products and CRC location. For yoghurt, three cohort studies have not found any association, [8], [11], [12] but a recent analysis within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Italy cohorts reported reduced risks amongst those with higher consumption, even after adjustment for calcium intake [15]. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement, The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Finer adjustment for body shape was attempted by also controlling for waist circumference in a subset of the cohort for which measurements were available. Non-significant between country heterogeneity was observed for intakes of dietary calcium (P=0.60; Figure S2 in File S1), total milk (P=0.13), cheese (P=0.64), and yoghurt (P=0.12). Although an inverse association between consumption of total milk with colorectal cancer risk has been consistently observed, [7], [8] whether the fat content of milk offsets a potential anti-carcinogenic role is unclear. Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7 The inverse association we observed for total milk consumption was similar to what was reported by both the Pooling Project of cohort studies, and a recent systematic review [7], [8]. In this present analysis, we investigated how intakes of milk with different fat content (total, whole-fat, semi-skimmed, and skimmed), cheese, yoghurt, and dietary calcium (total, dairy and non-dairy sources) relate to colorectal cancer risk in the EPIC study. There was evidence of a nonlinear association between milk and total dairy products and colorectal cancer risk, P < 0.001, and the inverse associations appeared to be the strongest at the higher range of intake. Dairy product consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in an older Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. When both baseline and repeated measurement analyses were reported, we used the repeated measurements because they more accurately represent changes in dietary consumption (32). Most, [8], [11], [12], [16], [17] but not all [18] cohort studies that have investigated calcium intake in relation to colorectal cancer have reported inverse associations. This inverse association was significant for colon cancer (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.95; P<0.001) (Supplemental Figure 6) but not for proximal colon cancer (P=0.094) (Supplemental Figure 7). reviews Of the cohort studies, 6 were conducted in the United States, 2 in Norway, 3 in Sweden, 1 in China, 1 in Italy, 1 in Spain, and 1 in each of 10 different European countries. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that calcium supplementation reduces the recurrence of colorectal adenoma [39]. Association Between Dairy Product Consumption and Colorectal Cancer The protective association we found between yogurt consumption and CRC risk is inconsistent with other evidence (54, 55). Prospective studies have consistently reported lower colorectal cancer risks associated with higher intakes of total dairy products, total milk and dietary calcium.
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