In the rat dissection lab, the uterus of female rats extended into two horns. Phenotype and multidifferentiation of rat ADSCs. Wiggle the kidneys to help These authors contributed equally to this work. The cell suspension was incubated for 24 h in -MEM (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) and penicillin/streptomycin (HyClone, Logan, UT) at 38C under humidified 5% CO2 conditions. The appearance of labeled ADSCs under an optical microscope (I) and a fluorescent microscope (J). (The male rat possesses rudimentary mammary glands but not nipples.) cutting it longitudinally. The oviducts connect the ovaries to each horn of the uterus. Based on scanning electron microscopy examination, ADSCs sheets were compact overlayer films. It's a rare condition that causes pregnancy complications. In the control group (the right uterine horn), the uterine wound left untreated. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ, Benhaim P, Lorenz HP, Hedrick MH. With their capacity for self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation and low immunogenicity, ADSCs are emerging as an alternative stem cell source for cell-based therapies [56]. At 60 days, some collagen deposition and scar tissue formation was observed in the control group, but no obvious circular muscle bundles had formed. The lumpy brown glands 1. This structure enables the rat to have multiple offspring. (F) In the cell group (the left uterine horn), triple-layer cell sheets were transplanted on the damaged inner uterine surface. Cell sheets in the endometrium underwent periodic changes related to menstruation and fetal implant. Kim JH, Kim WK, Sung YK, Kwack MH, Song SY, Choi JS, Park SG, Yi T, Lee HJ, Kim DD, Seo HM, Song SU et al. Locate these large bean shaped ____________________________ Furthermore, the number of embryos that implanted at the scar site was noted. After 1014 days of cultivation in inducing medium, ADSCs sheets were harvested from 6-well plates in vitro. system produces gametes (sperm & eggs) and provides The uterine wound was closed by 7-0 absorbable sutures and abdominal incision was closed by 4-0 absorbable sutures. Here, we revealed the feasibility of partial resection of the rat uterus to create a uterine regeneration model. 4. We found that ADSCs were mainly detected in the basal layer of the regenerating endometrium in the cell sheet group at 21 days after transplantation. The primary benefit of this approach is that it retains extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, growth factors, and larger amounts of cytokines without enzymolysis [18]. 4 In all species, the uterus consists of an inner mucosal layer called the endometrium or . Frozen sections were incubated with primary anti-estrogen receptor beta (ER, 1:200, ab3576, abcam, UK), anti-progesterone receptor (PR, 1:200, ab2756, abcam, UK), anti-cytokeratin 18 (Ck, 1:200, ab133263, abcam, UK), anti-Vimentin (Vm, 1:1000, ab92547, abcam, UK), alpha smooth muscle (Sm, 1:200, ab32575, abcam, UK), and CD31 (1:100, ab64543, abcam, UK) antibodies at room temperature for 1h in vivo. there are several methods to prevent the loss of land due to a variety of reasons. Representative fluorescent images demonstrate positive, ER (green) (B), PR (green) (C), and Vm (green) (D) protein expression (arrows) in some ADSCs after the transplantation of labeled cell sheets, indicating ADSCs may have differentiated into endometrial epithelial cells and stromal cells. 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Land conservation is a worldwide priority. Is it true or false that a heliocentric model of the solar system has earth at the center? In the present study, ADSC sheets demonstrated higher FGF, Col I, TGF, and VEGF expression compared to that in ADSCs in suspension. point where uterine horns split from uterine body 2. We also acknowledge the technical assistance from the staff of the Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior of Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University. Total RNA was applied for cDNA synthesis using an iTaq Universal One-Step RT-qPCR Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA). These typical images illustrate the differentiation of ADSC sheets during development in the uterine microenvironment. To evaluate the effects of ADSC sheets on the regenerative recovery of uterine horns, H&E and Masson's trichrome staining were performed. structures located toward the back of the abdominal cavity on either side of Pregnancy rate at the scar site was 69.23% for the cell sheet group and 15.38% for the control group (P = 0.005) (Table1). A segment of circular smooth muscle and endometrium approximately 1.5 cm in length and 0.5 cm in width was excised from both sides of the uterine horn, leaving the subserosal longitudinal smooth muscle and the serosa intact (Supplementary Figure S1E, third panel). Additionally, ascorbic acid supplementation has diverse effects on stem cells, and it could be used to maintain stem cell properties [26]. 2. Postoperative pregnancy at 60 days after injury in the sham group (A and B), control group (C), and cell sheet group (D). All measurements are presented as the mean SEM. Uterine specimens from each group were tested for Vm expression by performing immunofluorescence microscopy to investigate stromal cell regeneration. A previous study described the treatment of severe full-thickness uterine injury in rats using bone marrow MSCs for collagen scaffold transplantation [36]. During the day, plants produce by splitting water molecules in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. However, the entire process has been criticized as relatively complicated, time-consuming, and costly because thermo-responsive-culture dishes are expensive [19, 20]. AOD in the cell sheet group (0.035 0.003) was higher than that in the control group (0.010 0.001) (P = 0.000) but lower than that in the sham group (0.074 0.003) (P = 0.000) (Figure5E). The location and differentiation of ADSCs in the newly regenerated uterine endometrium 21 days after cell sheet transplantation as determined by immunofluorescence staining. sperm from the epididymus to the urethra, which carries sperm though In addition, rat ADSCs demonstrated the potential to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts (Figure1G and H). Therefore, any endometrial dysfunction occurs following damage to the basal layer [1, 9]. (B) Uterine horns were exposed, and half of the uterus, approximately 1.5 cm in length and 0.5 cm in width, was resected and removed. Angiogenesis, which is primarily mediated by the VEGF pathway, is crucial for tube formation and cell proliferation [62]. For more information read our Terms of use & Privacy Policy, And millions of other answers 4U without ads. locate these tiny tubes. 3. contrast, a simple uterus, like the kind found in humans has a single chamber (C) ADSCs were cultured with induced medium for 14 days at 37C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. What is a vasectomy? are usually studied together as the urogenital system. Samples from in vivo tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 24h at 4C, then embedded in paraffin blocks and cut into 8-m-thick tissue sections using previously described methods [41]. Two layers compose the endometrium, the upper functionalis, which contains a large amount of glands, and the lower basalis, which is composed of branching glands and dense stroma [3]. This duplex uterus is common in some animals and will accommodate multiple embryos (a litter). Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are emerging as an alternative source of stem cells for cell-based therapies. What is the function of the uterine horn? The AOD in the cell sheet group (0.059 0.031) was still significantly higher than the control group (0.022 0.036) (P = 0.000), but no statistically significant difference was observed between the cell sheet group and the sham group (0.065 0.035) (P = 0.341) (Figure5E). The nonpregnant uterus is T- or Y-shaped. Huijun Sun and others, Partial regeneration of uterine horns in rats through adipose-derived stem cell sheets, Biology of Reproduction, Volume 99, Issue 5, November 2018, Pages 10571069, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy121. In the present study, we also observed the random distribution of most ADSCs onto the basal layer. ________________________________ The development of the mammary glands takes place in several phases: Female Reproductive Diagram by Joanne Bella Hodges. Gross examination showed that luminal stenosis occurred in the surgical regions of the uteri in the control group at 30 days (Figure4C), and adhesions or pathological stenosis formed at 60 days (Figure4E). Generally speaking, hares are larger than rabbits and have longer ears and legs. Xie Q, Wei W, Ruan J, Ding Y, Zhuang A, Bi X, Sun H, Gu P, Wang Z, Fan X. Zhu S, Chen P, Wu Y, Xiong S, Sun H, Xia Q, Shi L, Liu H, Ouyang HW. The vagina divides into As expected, no circular fibers were found in the muscle layer. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. VIDEO ANSWER: This question is asking us why do female rats have uterine horns? Urine exits through what external opening on both male and female rats? Each uterine horn has its own cervix. The cost to rent figure skates for x hours is given by the function The clinical application of cell sheet therapy has been reported for the cornea [42], liver [43, 44], arteries [45], esophagus [46], bone [47], heart [48, 49], and brain [50]. Advertisement Jimmy5226 is waiting for your help. Add answer 5 pts Expert-Verified Answer question No one rated this answer yet why not be the first? Therefore, an immune response is not initiated, and inflammatory responses do not accompany transplantation [55]. The horns of the uterus come together to form the vagina. In GHI, g = 2.3 inches, I=21 and G=140. the plants that fertilized these pea plants also produced round seeds. Rat Pages: Rat Introduction and Guide | Rat External Anatomy | Head | Abdominal Cavity | Circulatory System | Urogenital System, Other Resources: Instructor Checklist | Virtual Rat Dissection | Rat Dissection with Photo Submission. Answers: 1 Show answers Another question on Biology. The uterine body, which is small compared to some other species, is located at the junction of the two uterine horns. This rapid growth is due to cell division or differentiation of TEB cells that continues until the epithelium reaches the outer limits of the fat pad. Cell sheets are also easily shaped into different structures for different applications and are especially suitable for the narrow uterine lumen. Yin R, Mao SQ, Zhao B, Chong Z, Yang Y, Zhao C, Zhang D, Huang H, Gao J, Li Z, Jiao Y, Li C et al. At 60 days, the blood vessel was increased in all groups compared with 30 days, however, the cell sheet group (42.80 3.262) showed a significant increase compared to control group (24.40 2.112) (P = 0.002) and still less than the sham group (54.40 2.227) (P = 0.019) (Figure5F). muscle-encased tube of the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the stomach. The vagina is the short muscular canal that leads from the female rats uterus to the outside of the body. Conversely, Sm-positive circular and longitudinal fibers were observed in normal areas (white arrow) (Figure3B, below panel). (BF) Flow cytometric characterization of rat ADSCs. This duplex uterus Comparison of reproductive outcomes among different groups with regenerated uterine horns. The subscriptoin renews automaticaly until you cancel. Based on H&E staining, the uterus comprised the endometrium, muscle layers, and serosa in normal areas. which method is not a way to conserve land? Why is Light Year used instead of kilometers? The seminal vesicles and the prostate gland secrete Gross view and histological evidence for uterine horn regeneration among the groups. At puberty the gland begins exponential growth and rapid development of the terminal end buds (TEB). You will receive an answer to the email. Essay for The streets by Richard Wright with quotes and a lot of explaining. When you look at the night sky are you seeing the universe exactly as it is? Two-day-old female rats were selected and sacrificed by cervical dislocation to excise the adipose tissue from the inguinal subcutaneous region (Supplementary Figure S1A). Endometrial thickness in the cell sheet group (641.484 58.284 m) was significantly greater than that in the control group (300.048 44.903 m) (P = 0.000) but was thinner than the sham group (1044.226 8.911 m) (P = 0.000) (Figure4K). The table shows the total costs for three restaurant orders. Yu D, Wong Y, Cheong Y, Xia E, Li T. Zhang Y, Lin X, Dai Y, Hu X, Zhu H, Jiang Y, Zhang S. Wang X, Ma N, Sun Q, Huang C, Liu Y, Luo X. Hanstede MMF, van der Meij E, Goedemans L, Emanuel MH. The organs of the female reproductive system are specialized to produce ova (eggs), transport the egg cells to the site of fertilization, to provide a favorable environment for developing embryos, and to move offspring outside of the body (birth) at the appropriate time. The surface morphologies of the ADSC sheets and metal complexes were investigated by performing scanning electron micrograph (SEM) analysis [39]. Statistical analysis of endometrial thickness, CD31 density, the mean optical density of Sm-positive areas (AOD), and number of fetuses per uterine were performed with one-way ANOVA. 1. SD rats were housed in the temperature-controlled environment at 23 3C under the humidity in the 44 2% with a 12-h light and dark cycle. The tubular vas deferens moves No embryo migration possible . Vm-positive stromal cells in excised sections were detected by the presence of a bright green fluorescent signal in the basal layer of the endometrium in the cell sheet group (Figure5B). Uterus The uterus receives eggs and supports the growing embryos development until birth. (D) ADSCs sheet was harvested from the insert, reshaped, and layered according to the target tissue site. uterine horns via oviducts. This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. ellierickert9 Structure . The 3D tissue-like structures of cell sheets are formed by cell-to-cell junctions and deposited ECM in the absence of any scaffolds. Adipocytes were discarded. Representative images show that more blood vessels were present in the cell sheet group at both 30 and 60 days after surgery (Figure4D and F), while the control group exhibited pale serosa(Figure4C and E). At 30 days, positively stained smooth muscle cells turned light red and were arranged in a fascicular pattern in the cell sheet group but not the control group (Figure4I). (AF) Gross observations of surgical regions in the lower segment of the uterus at 30 days (AD) and 60 days (E, F) in the sham group (A, B), control group (C, E), and cell sheet group (D, F). This differs from a female human's uterus, which does not have this "horned" structure. Closure of rat uterine lumen is reported to be the result of . Homework is a valuable part of a students education. All the animals access food and water ad libitum. Which are characteristics of metals that result from their bonding? countrys finest examples dorsal to the urinary bladder is the vagina. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are emerging as an alternative source of stem cells for cell-base In severe cases, damage causes complete or partial scarring of uterine cavity, also known as intrauterine adhesions (IUA), followed by amenorrhea, infertility or abnormal placenta implantation, or recurrent miscarriage [1214]. For example, laboratory mice have a bipartite uterus with two uterine horns and a single cervix, whereas humans have a simplex uterus with a single chamber and single cervix. After this period, the second surgery was . 2. The distribution of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was determined by performing FCM (BD FACSVantage, USA). Why does the sky appear much bluer in some states? Cell sheet engineering has shown great promise in clinical applications. Black arrows indicate endometrial glands in the basal layer. Your healthcare provider may recommend treatment depending on the type of unicornuate uterus you have. Area common to both sides of female tract . Why do female rats have uterine horns rather than a simple uterus like humans? Distinct secretory granules displaying spherical vesicles were present on ADSCs sheet surfaces (red arrow) (Figure2D). Nipple structure can also affect lactation as seen with inverted nipples. The induction efficiency (%) of CM-Dil into ADSCs was 100%. The PCR reactions were carried out as previously described [40]. In the control group, embryos were rarely observed at scar sites, but the majority implanted at normal sites (Figure7C). The buildup of sediments where a river empties into a slow-moving or nonmoving body of water is known as a/an . Data are presented as the mean SEM. Blood vessel density in injured uterine regions in cell sheets group (26.40 1.806) was significantly higher than that in the control group (15.80 2.634) (P = 0.011), and less than the sham group (54.40 4.130) (P 0.001) (Figure5F). Therefore, the 3D structure of the ADSC sheets provided an efficient cell microenvironment that was critical for ADSC differentiation and uterine cell regeneration. produces enzymes that aid in the breakdown of starches. They are born without fur and with closed eyes after a gestation period of 30-31 days. Remove a single kidney (without damaging the other organs) and dissect it by However, many challenges remain. This duplex uterus is common in some animals and will accommodate multiple embryos (a litter). the penis and out the body. Third-passage ADSCs were identified by performing flow cytometry (FCM). Check all that apply. It is located above the urethra and is enclosed within a prepuce along with clitoral glands. These pheromones produced by the female preputial glands are useful for attracting the male. Procedure: Mammary Glands an environment for the developing embryo. the excretory system are the kidneys. Question sent to expert. Please seek advice and treatment from a qualified Veterinarian if your rat is ill. Suckow, M., Weisbroth, S., & Franklin, C. (2005). Stem cells in reproductive medicine: ready for the patient? However, luminal stenosis and scars were not observed in the cell sheet group (Figure4D and F), and the uterine anatomy was similar to the sham group (Figure4A and B). In eutherian and marsupial mammals, the site of embryo implantation and gestation is the uterus. In contrast, few epithelial cells were found at excision sites in the control group (Figure5A). The cervixes are located where the uteri connect to the vagina. Digestive System. Sixty-six uterine horns from 33 rats (66 uterine horns) were randomly assigned to three groups after four estrous cycles: the ADSCs sheet transplant group (cell sheet group) (n = 23 uterine horns), the control group (n = 23 uterine horns), and the sham group (n = 20 uterine horns). The uterine horns and ovaries are suspended by the broad ligaments (mesometrium and mesovarium) between the tuber coxae. In the cell sheet transplant group (the left uterine horn), triple-layer ADSCs sheet were implanted to replace the segmental uterine excised tissue (Supplementary Figure S1F), and the uterine surface wound with the ADSC sheets remained exposed for 30 min to ensure engraftment. In mice, the cranial segment of the uterine body is divided into two cavities by a median septum. The present study reviewed a novel approach for the regeneration of partial uterine defects. The Cells were harvested via trypsin enzyme digestion (Gibco) and then centrifuged, washed and resuspended. What are the basic elements of satellite communication systems? These bioactive factors not only promote growth and development but also inhibit apoptosis, benefit local cell proliferation, and are conducive to ADSC differentiation [36, 59, 60]. We then investigated the therapeutic effects of 3D ADSCs sheet on regeneration in a rat model. The medium was then changed every other day, and passaged cells were subcultured when they reached confluence (80100%). in different areas depending on whether you have a male or female rat). Cancel anytime. Ascorbic acid treatment plays key roles both **in enhances the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and increasing adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) proliferation and upregulating Oct4 and Sox2 expression [27]. _____________________________. Phyllis is going ice skating. Which of the following shows 4.819 correctly rounded to the tenths place? which collects and stores sperm cells. 5. Masson's trichrome staining was performed on the uterine horns to characterize the extent of the muscle layers, which were composed of smooth muscle cells in circular and longitudinal patterns in the nonoperative area, leaving behind only the longitudinal muscle layer in the operative area (Figure3A, right panel). At 60 days, we observed the orderly arrangement of smooth muscle cell fascicles at near-normal levels in the cell sheet group. can that be possible? Vassena R, Eguizabal C, Heindryckx B, Sermon K, Simon C, van Pelt AM, Veiga A, Zambelli F. Mias C, Lairez O, Trouche E, Roncalli J, Calise D, Seguelas MH, Ordener C, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Auge N, Salvayre AN, Bourin P, Parini A et al. (A) Visualization of the attachment and detachment of rat ADSCs sheet in vitro (bar: 5 mm). Therefore, tissue engineering may represent a new method for the repair of uterine function. The anatomical structures of the normal uterine area were obvious and thick compared to those of the operative area which is observed by H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. The human endometrium is a highly regenerative tissue that endures cyclical episodes of proliferation, differentiation, and shedding more than 400 times during a woman's reproductive years [1, 2]. What vessels connect to the kidney? In this study, we sought to construct ADSCs sheet to evaluate the therapeutic effects of cell sheets on regeneration in a rat model. Therefore, ADSC sheet therapy shows considerable promise as a new treatment for severe uterine damage. Edited by Dr. Romana Nowak, PhD, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Uterine function was assessed by determining whether the regenerating uterine horn was capable of implanting a fertilized ovum and providing adequate nourishment to the developing fetus. 7. Why do female rats have uterine horns rather than a simple uterus like humans? The horns of the uterus come together to form the vagina. This answer is: Study guides. Moreover, ADSCs sheets were composed of several layers of cells and abundant ECM as determined by longitudinal section analysis (Figure2C). Data are presented as the mean relative density SEM; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, compared to ADSCs (n = 3). 1. this helps transport sperm, site for majority of embryonic development, site of placental development and attachment, production of hormones and is responsible for partiurition. The sections were then washed three times with PBS, and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate, CST, USA) were applied for 30 min at room temperature. These alveolar buds are the precursors to the large lobuloalveolar structures used during pregnancy. 1. if these resistant individuals continue to survive and prosper, new resistant populations might emerge. embedded in the fat atop the kidneys are the adrenal glands. Hares, in contrast, are larger . 2. The caudal segment, or cervix, consists of a single canal that protrudes into the vaginal opening. Stomach. Fetuses implanted in all of the uterine horns in the sham group (Figure7A and B). Add your answer and earn points. Based on these results, the endometrial epithelial layer, basal layer, and circular fibers were successfully ablated in the uterine damage model, laying the foundation for the regeneration of damaged uteri. How did trade with Europeans affect Native Americans during the colonial period? The ovaries usually lie lateral and slightly ventral to the tips of the uterine horns. On the surface of the testis is a coiled tube called the epididymus, Females have two uterine horns and two cervices. Uterine endometrial cells adjacent to the wound margin have the potential to regenerate the wound site via uterine cell proliferation and migration.
why do rats have uterine horns
