For the other rabbit, CT revealed severe segmental intestinal dilation, which was thought to represent the appendix given the location, and orientation of the blind-ended tubular structure, with suspected focal necrosis of the caudal wall of that structure, potential concurrent sacculitis (as evidenced by the thickness of the wall of the sacculus rotundus), a small volume of peritoneal effusion, and no other abnormalities (Figure 3). Exploratory laparotomy showed a thickened wall of both the sacculus rotundus (A) and the vermiform appendix (B). Anatomy of the rabbit cecum. Histopathological examination of the appendix confirmed severe oedema of intestinal mucosa, multifocal to diffuse mixed, and neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate, fibrinous exudate on the surface of mucosa and the presence of micro-abscesses within the necrotic mucosa. Rodriguez-Medina N, Barrios-Camacho H, Duran-Bedolla J, Garza-Ramos U. Klebsiella variicola: an emerging pathogen in humans.Emerg Microbes Infect. Vet Rec. (2006) 51:6055. A ventral midline approach was used for all 8 celiotomies. The tubular structure had a rounded, closed end, and a multilayered wall, suggestive of appendicitis. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. For many rabbits, the reasons were multiple and included anorexia or hyporexia (n = 17), decreased activity (11), and a decrease in or absence of fecal production (10). The inflamed appendix was filled with necrotic material. When this happens, the appendix can burst. Of the 6 aerobic isolates, 4 were identified as E coli. (2011) 168:243. doi: 10.1136/vr.c6350, 23. The most common hematologic alteration was anemia (7/12 rabbits). A total of 21 cases were identified by the 4 diagnostic laboratories for possible inclusion in the study. display: flex; Leineweber C, Mller E, Marschang RE. The 6 aerobic isolates each had resistance to 1 antimicrobial. Many organisms have been isolated from the appendices of presumed healthy farm rabbits, including Mycobacterium avium avium,53 and therefore the isolation of microorganisms does not prove causation of disease. Energy Policy. In: Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, Hines OJ, eds. Recent theories focus on genetic factors, environmental influences, and infections (14). With regard to whole-body or abdominal radiography, information extracted from the records included presence of gas in the cecum, presence of gas in the stomach, and presence of a distended stomach. J Small Anim Pract. Causes Appendicitis is a very common reason for emergency surgery. The link was not copied. With the exception of 2 rabbits, all cases occurred in summer and fall. Ann Afr Med. The bacteria multiply rapidly, causing the appendix to become inflamed, swollen and filled with pus. Leineweber C, Mller E, Marschang RE. Prevalence and types of hyponatraemia, its relationship with hyperglycaemia and mortality in ill pet rabbits. Careers. -, Besoluk K, Eken E, Sur E. A morphological and morphometrical study on the sacculus rotundus and ileum of the Angora rabbit. Blood analyses showed a non-regenerative anaemia, monocytosis, hyperphosphatemia, hyperglobulinaemia, and hypercholesterolaemia. Recovery was uneventful, and 4 h after surgery, the rabbit started to become normally active. In the present study, a most interesting factor related to appendicitis in rabbits was the season of occurrence. Postoperative care consisted of fluid therapy, multimodal analgesia, supportive care and prokinetics. The most common alterations were hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia. Bodyweight and body condition score in rabbits on four different feeding regimes. There are a variety of confounders that could be responsible of this potential difference in survival rates; however, it is worth noting that the first approach is that currently used for open appendectomy in human medicine43 because results of a randomized trial indicated that simple ligation was as effective as invagination.44 Therefore, until more evidence is accrued, it is safer to ligate the appendix with a simple or double ligature before its excision, leaving a residual appendiceal stump no longer than 3 mm.43,45. Di Girolamo N, Petrini D, Szabo Z, Volait-Rosset L, Oglesbee BL, Nardini G, Possenti M, Gerosa S, Rota S, Huynh M, Vitolo D, Devescovi E, Nicoletti A, Selleri P, Guillier D, Reese D, Nicolier A, Reyes-Gomez E, Matteucci G, Reavill DR, Binanti D. J Am Vet Med Assoc. government site. The distal opening of the caecum was closed in two layers with an inverted suture pattern. Opioids administered to the rabbits included buprenorphine (n = 4), tramadol (3), and fentanyl administered as a constant rate infusion together with lidocaine and ketamine (1). Symptoms of appendicitis may include: Pain in the abdomen, first around the belly button, then moving to the lower right area this is called migratory abdominal pain. The first recheck examination was performed at a variable point depending on the directions of the primary veterinarian. In European countries, where most reported cases in rabbits have originated, there is less widespread use of air conditioning, compared with that in the US30; it is possible that the higher environmental temperature to which domestic rabbits are exposed during warmer months, especially in European countries, is a factor in the development of acute appendicitis. In animals, Klebsiella spp. Application of high frequency bipolar electrocoagulation LigaSure in appendix vermiformis of rabbits with or without acute inflammatory process. Bookshelf Oglesbee BL, Lord B. Gastrointestinal diseases of rabbits. Sprinkle dried blood around the impatiens. Other perioperative findings included yellow colour of the mesenteric fat and mild splenomegaly. Fever and survival in rabbits infected with Pasteurella multocida. Would you like email updates of new search results? J Ultrasound. Appendicitis is inflammation or infection in your appendix. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.16236, 8. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Vet Ophthalmol. q24h (Quiflox inj., Krka, Novo Mesto, Slovenia) and metronidazole at 20 mg/kg i.v. For 3 rabbits, multiple radiographic views were obtained prior to diagnosis of appendicitis that indicated a progressive increase in the amount of gas in the gastrointestinal tract (n = 2) or minimal radiographic changes over time (1). Notice that the appendix (a) is abnormally distended and filled with compacted ingesta and that the appendix wall has disseminated, somewhat circular whitish spots on its surface and an area of necrosis (asterisk). Location in the. Fontana et al. The mucous membrane color was noted for 6 rabbits, 3 of which had pale mucous membranes. With regard to abdominal ultrasonography, information extracted from the records included presence of reactive peritoneum, presence of free fluid, lymphadenomegaly, appendix appearance and measurements (mm), and presumed ultrasonographic diagnosis. Di Girolamo N, Toth G, Selleri P. Prognostic value of rectal temperature at hospital admission in client-owned rabbits. It started to eat on its own and produce faecal pellets 2 days after surgery. Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed, which can be caused by an infection or obstruction. Clinical value of blood glucose measurement in pet rabbits. The tubular structure had a wall thickness of 4.2 mm with a rounded, closed end and a multilayered wall characteristic of the intestinal tract (Figure 1). Decreased appetite (17/19 rabbits), abnormal rectal temperature (hyperthermia, 9/16 rabbits; hypothermia, 4/16 rabbits), hypocalcemia (8/11 rabbits), and hypoglycemia (7/15 rabbits) were common signs. In the remaining 6 rabbits, either spontaneous release of obstruction or death early during the experiment occurred. 8600 Rockville Pike Vet Med. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Sometimes appendicitis is due to a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection that has spread to the appendix. Clinical relevance: For rabbits with decreased appetite and an apparently painful abdomen, hyperthermia, hypocalcemia, or hypoglycemia, appendicitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis. .item01 { Robinson NJ, Dean RS, Cobb M, Brennan ML. In normal laboratory rabbits, experimental appendectomy has been performed successfully either by placing a ligature around the base of the appendix ~1 cm from the caecal body and transfixing it using 40 prolene, or by ligation of the appendiceal stump followed by a purse-string invagination of the caecal base. Acute appendicitis: modern understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. i did but not on purpose. Appendicitis pain often starts off as mild cramping in your upper abdomen or bellybutton area that then moves to the lower right quadrant of your abdomen. 2009;22(10):19841999. Among the appendices, 17 had lymphoid follicle necrosis and abscesses, 17 had edema, 15 had transmural inflammation and brown pigmentladen macrophages, and 11 had hemorrhages. Syringe-feeding with a recovery diet for herbivores was advocated. To report clinical, surgical, and pathological findings in client-owned rabbits with histologically confirmed appendicitis. The aim of this article is to describe two spontaneous cases of appendicitis in pet rabbits, describe therapeutic appendectomy, and discuss microbial flora of the inflamed appendix. Among the 19 rabbits, there were 8 spayed females, 2 sexually intact females, 6 neutered males, and 3 sexually intact males. (5) described a negative correlation between age and appendix wall thickness, suggesting that lower values of thickness are associated with increasing age, caused by a physiological decrease in the immune function of the appendix in adult rabbits. The rabbit was intubated using over the endoscope technique, and anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane at 1.53% (Isoflurane Rhodia, Torrex Pharma GmbH, Wien, Austria). (24) reported that K. variicola has been misidentified as Klebsiella pneumoniae due to its phylogenetic and biochemical properties to those of K. pneumoniae. Lichtenberger M, Lennox A. 2020;186(14):451. margin: 0; Appendicitis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12489. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30178-2, Arrazuria R, Sevilla IA, Molina E, et al. Short communication, Occurrence of granulomatous appendicitis in rabbits. Ferrets, Rabbits, Rodents: Clinical Medicine Surgery. 2019 Winter;98(11):457-461. doi: 10.33699/PIS.2019.98.11.457-461. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. K. variicola, a member of Enterobacterales order, is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile rod-shaped bacteria. Vet Rec. (Domitor, Pfizer, Berlin, Germany) and ketamine at 3 mg/kg i.m. (Narkamon, Bioveta, Ivanovice na Han, Czech Republic) followed by propofol at 0.3 ml to effect (propofol 1% MCT/LCT Fresenius, Fresenius Pharma Austria GmbH, Vienna, Austria). Procedures: were the only isolates, which indicate severe aerobic dysbiosis. In: Quesenberry KE, Orcutt CJ, Mans C, Carpenter JW, editors. Samples of the appendix wall and its necrotic contents were sent for histopathological and bacteriological testing. The remaining 9 rabbits did not have specific behavior changes noted in the medical record. 35. } HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Yersiniosis is an infection. Vet Med. Rabbit microbiota changes throughout the intestinal tract. Those data have suggested that there may be an acute and a chronic form of this disorder in rabbits. Accessibility When multiple assessments with the same diagnostic tool were performed on the same rabbit, the data obtained closest to the time of the histologic diagnosis were used, and the earlier data were mentioned only for purposes of comparison. government site. doi: 10.1111/vru.12602, 10. 1985;72(12):971972. K. variicola may be associated with appendicitis in rabbits as a causative agent or in association with appendix intraluminal dysmicrobia. Seasonal variation of temperatures in rabbits. Although appendicitis in humans can be caused by direct luminal obstruction (faecolith, lymphoid hyperplasia, impacted stool or, rarely, by an appendiceal or caecal tumour), the full range of specific causes remains unknown. Ultrasound and computed tomography of sacculitis and appendicitis in a rabbit. 2016;57(1):3443. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal It should be remembered that appendicitis in rabbits may be an acute or chronic clinical condition, which may develop more frequently during warmer months. To support intestinal motility, apart from metoclopramide, oral itopride at 10 mg/kg q12h (Itoprid, Pro Med, Czech Republic) and intravenous lidocaine at 100 g/ml/h (Lidocaine Egis, EGIS Pharmaceuticals, Hungary) were also administered. The rabbit survived 11 months to this date with no further GI tract disorders. 13. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Perioperative monitoring consisted of observing respiration by close inspection of the thoracic wall, lung and heart auscultation, ECG monitoring, and pO2 (mean value of 99%) measurement using a pulse oximeter (Eickemeyer LifeVet monitor, Eickemeyer, Tuttlingen, Germany) attached to the hind-limb fingers. The dissected ligament is indicated by the arrow. Radiography and abdominal ultrasound revealed a reduced amount of chymus in the stomach and intestines (Figure 1). Poikilocytosis in rabbits: prevalence, type, and association with disease. width: 100%; Klebsiella; acute abdomen; appendicitis; appendix; gastrointestinal stasis; rabbit. In rabbits, K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca are described as a cause of necrotic and/or haemorrhagic enteritis and typhlitis (21, 22). A recent retrospective study estimated that it increased from around 6 people per 1 million in 2000 to as many as 10 people per 1 million in 2009. Constipation or diarrhea. Rabbits were included regardless of whether the diagnosis of appendicitis was obtained after death or euthanasia or following histologic examination of incisional or excisional biopsy (appendectomy) specimens. Longo M, Thierry F, Eatwell K, Schwarz T, Pozo Jd, et al. Follow-up examinations at 10 days, at 1 month, and at 11 months after the surgery did not show any abnormal clinical or laboratory findings. Nicoletti A, Di Girolamo N, Zeyen U, Selleri P, Masi M, Fonti P. Ultrasound morphology of cecal appendix in pet rabbits. Because no other domestic animal has an appendix, it is possible that this disease process has been overlooked by veterinary educators and consequently by practicing veterinarians. Also, there were some physical examination findings that could be suggestive of appendicitis in clinical patients. Appendiceal adenocarcinoid with ovarian metastasis. PLoS One. The wall shows an attenuated echogenicity, and the serosa is visible as a hyperechoic linear structure (5). The inflammatory infiltrate is composed of aggregates of heterophils often admixed with necrotic debris. Clinical and Imaging Correlates of Pediatric Mucosal Appendicitis. 30. Aerobic cultivation showed the presence of pure culture of Klebsiella variicola sensitive to enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, trimethoprim sulphonamide, neomycin, and gentamicin. Previous medical history varied (Supplementary Table S1). The site is secure. Appendicitis can have more than one cause. Nobody knows exactly what the appendix does, but removing it is not harmful. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Anatomically, the appendix of rabbits has a readily discernable boundary with the cecum marked by a distinct decrease in diameter, change in tissue color, and lack of spiral muscular bands typical of the cecum (Figure 1).7 Physiologically, the appendix is part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, together with Peyer patches, ileocecal plaque, and sacculus rotundus.9 The appendix has predominant B-cell production as opposed to the other tissues that have predominant T-cell production.9 The appendix has been proven to be important for the development of an individual rabbits immune function.7 This contribution to immune function development occurs mostly early after birth, with a 99% reduction of B lymphopoiesis by 16 weeks of age and no evidence of progenitor B cells in the appendix of adult rabbits.10, Citation: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260, 1; 10.2460/javma.20.08.0446. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Monofilament, absorbable suture materials (3-0 or 4-0 polydioxanone [PDS; Ethicon Inc] or poliglecaprone [Monocryl; Ethicon Inc]) were used in 7 of the 8 rabbits. ONeill DG, Craven HC, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Hedley J. Morbidity and mortality of domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) under primary veterinary care in England. Antimicrobials administered to the rabbits that died were metronidazole (2), marbofloxacin (2), and enrofloxacin (2). What should I expect after surgery to treat appendicitis? Note the soft tissue opacity due to chymus in the GI tract because the client had syringe-fed the animal with a recovery diet. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Bacteroides sp. This can cause the infection to spread throughout your abdomen. 1 SIGNALMENT, HISTORY, AND CLINICAL FINDINGS No bacterial growth was obtained from samples from the remaining rabbit. p. 17487. Although laboratory rabbits are commonly used as models of appendicitis in man, spontaneous appendicitis was only described ante-mortem in one pet rabbit with an acute abdomen. Dev Comp Immunol. Gallego M. Laboratory reference intervals for systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature, haematology, biochemistry and venous blood gas and electrolytes in healthy pet rabbits. Dev Comp Immunol. Blood analyses showed lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and hyperglycaemia. Open Vet J. If the infection isn't treated, your appendix can become blocked. An important aspect of the appendicitis treatment is the pre- and postoperative multimodal supportive care. q6h, and meloxicam at 0.8 mg/kg s.c. q12h) were given. The preoperative supportive treatment was continued for 6 days with fluid therapy. Sections were stained with H&E stain in all except 1 case; for that rabbit, sections were also stained with hematoxylin-eosin-saffron stain. Appendicitis is a painful medical condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus, a fluid made up of dead cells and inflammatory tissue that often results from an infection. In conclusion, restlessness or abnormally active behaviour associated with anorexia, abdominal pain, palpable abdominal mass, hyperglycaemia, lymphocytosis, and elevated rectal temperature may be indicative of a condition that causes inflammation and pain within the GI tract, such as appendicitis. A scanning electron and light microscopic study, The identification of intestinal M cells in the sacculus rotundus and appendix of the Angora rabbit, Occurrence of multinucleated giant cells in the appendix of clinically healthy rabbits, Clinical practice. Nmet Z, Szenci O, Horvth A, Makrai L, Kis T, Tth B, et al. Each of these findings was classified as yes, no, or not reported. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00275-5, 15. Welch T, Coe JB, Niel L, McCobb E. A survey exploring factors associated with 2890 companion-rabbit owners knowledge of rabbit care and the neuter status of their companion rabbit. After 6 days, the patient was sent to home care with oral itopride at 10 mg/kg q12h, oral meloxicam at 0.8 mg/kg q12h, and oral marbofloxacin at 10 mg/kg q24h, for the next 10 days. Figure 1. Front. abdominal swelling and tenderness. In humans, appendicitis has an incidence of 1.1 cases/1,000 people and is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain requiring surgical intervention.24 Until recently, there have been only 2 reports15,16 of appendicitis in client-owned rabbits, to our knowledge. CPlacement of a circumferential suture at the base of the appendix, at its point of origin in the cecum. Ohtani O, Ohtsuka A, Owen RL. On abdominal ultrasound, note the tubular organ on longitudinal (C) and transverse section (D). Background: Appendicitis in rabbits is rarely described but is part of the differential diagnosis of acute and chronic gastrointestinal disorders in rabbits, and should be suspected as a priority in cases of hyperthermia. Postoperative view of a caecum after appendectomy (E) and excised vermiform appendix (F). Appendicitis can cause pain in the lower, right-hand side of the abdomen. Considering the abundance of lymphoid tissue in the appendix of rabbits, it is not surprising that there have been reports of lymphoma affecting or originating from this structure.11,12 Reports of naturally occurring appendicitis in rabbits are less common. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were routinely performed at each participating laboratory. Amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid versus appendicectomy for treatment of acute uncomplicated appendicitis: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. (B) Areas of haemorrhages in mucosa and superficial fibrinous exudate. 2018;21(4):287291. The authors strongly recommend following use of antimicrobial rules in animals (26). Nine cases occurred during summer, 8 cases occurred during fall, 1 case occurred during spring, and 1 case occurred during winter. Longo M, Thierry F, Eatwell K, Schwarz T, Del Pozo J, Richardson J. Ultrasound and computed tomography of sacculitis and appendicitis in a rabbit. No bacterial growth was obtained from 1 rabbit. Stan F. Anatomical particularities of the cecum in rabbits and chinchillas. Acute appendicitisappendectomy or the antibiotics first strategy. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. CPhotograph of the appendix (a) of a healthy 4-month-old farmed rabbit undergoing postmortem examination for reasons unrelated to the study. The appendix of rabbits is characterized by large lymphoid follicles that protrude toward the lumen, forming the dome villi. 2009;96(5):473481. Blood analyses showed leucocytosis, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, hyperglycaemia, and hyperglobulinaemia (Table 1). 1981;178(10):10721076. A scanning electron and light microscopic study. Of the 6 rabbits that underwent medical treatment, 1 died at 24 hours and 3 died at 48 hours after hospitalization, 1 died at 10 days after presentation, and 1 was alive at 1,030 days after presentation. The tubular structure had a rounded, closed end, and a multilayered wall, suggestive of appendicitis. 36. Hansson J, Krner U, Khorram-Manesh A, Solberg A, Lundholm K. Randomized clinical trial of antibiotic therapy versus appendicectomy as primary treatment of acute appendicitis in unselected patients. Experts aren't sure exactly what it does. Further studies are required to compare the safety and effectiveness of medical and surgical treatments for appendicitis in pet rabbits. In the other report,12 the main text mentioned that the appendix caecii (ie, the vermiform appendix) was affected, whereas the abstract indicated that the cecum was affected.12 Those 2 examples are indications of the current problem in identifying and describing disorders of the vermiform appendix in rabbits. 29. Abdominal physical examination findings were reported for 16 rabbits. The intent of the present study was to assess clinical, surgical, and pathological findings in a comparatively large number of client-owned rabbits with histologically confirmed appendicitis. In presented cases, appendix wall thicknesses were 4.2 and 3.7 mm, respectively. Glucose concentrations can also increase to maintain serum osmolality in the face of sodium loss into the GI tract (34). In humans, appendicitis is more common in summer months,26 even if the reason for this is still unclear.27,28 Interestingly, in some colder countries (eg, Wales29), there is no seasonal variation in the incidence of appendicitis among humans. Possible causes include. (2019) 57:e0082618. Epub 2006 Oct 10. All rights reserved. Although presenting clinical signs were unspecific in most of the rabbits of the present report, almost all 19 rabbits were anorectic (n = 17), and over half of the rabbits (11) had decreased activity or responsiveness. Abdominal ultrasonography and CT findings were suggestive of appendicitis in 6 of 8 rabbits and in 1 of 2 rabbits, respectively. Bulletin UASVM Vet Med. The names of the specific active agents administered were extracted from the records. This may not be surprising because hyperthermia develops in humans with transmural appendicitis.24 The role of fever has been a matter of debate in clinical rabbit medicine because hyperthermia is rare in hospitalized rabbits, with an estimated prevalence of 1.7% (7/316 rabbits) to 2.2% (2/117 rabbits).20,33 However, results of laboratory research indicate that hyperthermia increases the survival rate of rabbits experimentally infected with bacteria.34 Given the fact that hyperthermia is uncommon in rabbits, it would be worthwhile to rule out appendicitis with additional diagnostic imaging in rabbits with unexplained hyperthermia. Appendicitis is a life-threatening condition, which should be included into the list of differential diagnoses; for the rabbit, an acute abdomen and gastrointestinal stasis syndrome and must be treated immediately. Gladden JN, Lennox AM. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American College of Veterinary Radiology. Intravenous fluid therapy was continued, and analgesics (buprenorphine at 0.03 mg/kg i.m. An official website of the United States government. abdominal bloating or swelling. opacity: 1; In the rabbit, the appendix is an important site for early development and diversification of the B-cell repertoire and is one of the major parts of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (1, 4). K. variicola may be associated with appendicitis in rabbits as a causative agent or in association with appendix intraluminal dysmicrobia. During the initial physical examination, the mentation of 9 rabbits was quiet to dull, whereas 1 rabbit was hyperactive. Appendicitis: trends in incidence, age, sex, and seasonal variations in South-Western Nigeria. Acute appendicitis in the rabbit. There is only one published clinical case of appendicitis in a pet rabbit (9), and the rabbit was treated medically with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prokinetics, and oral trimethoprim sulphate and metronidazole. Antimicrobial susceptibility was classified according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards (susceptible [S], resistant [R], and intermediate [I]). For all rabbits that were considered alive by the primary veterinarians, their owners were contacted approximately 13 weeks after the close of data collection to confirm each rabbits status. Photographs obtained during appendectomy in a rabbit with acute appendicitis. Median age of the rabbits at presentation was 24.0 months (range, 4 to 84 months). 2010;13(3):525541. FOIA Three rabbits were normothermic (median rectal temperature, 38.4 C; range, 38.0 to 38.5 C), 9 rabbits were hyperthermic (median rectal temperature, 40.1 C; range, 39.7 to 41.2 C), and 4 rabbits were hypothermic (median rectal temperature, 37.2 C; range, 36.4 to 37.6 C). Gee KM, Jones RE, Babb JL, Preston SC, Beres AL. J Infect Chemother. Vons C, Barry C, Maitre S, et al. If not treated promptly, the appendix can rupture. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include enrofloxacin (brand name Baytril), trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, c hloramphenicol, metronidazole. Pre- and postcontrast CT images obtained from a rabbit with appendicitis. Clinical value of blood glucose measurement in pet rabbits. The reasons for presentation of each rabbit were defined as the motivation of the owners for having the rabbit examined at the admission event that generated the histologic diagnosis. As per available literature, there is no therapeutic appendectomy and no bacterial pathogens were identified in the clinical case of appendicitis in rabbits. Chen KT. Other ultrasonographic findings were noted if reported by the primary veterinarians. Pediatr Radiol. Medical records for client-owned rabbits that had a histologic diagnosis of appendicitis were reviewed. Appendicitis can cause serious complications, such as: A ruptured appendix. The other 4 rabbits underwent excision of the appendix after placement of intestinal clamps or application of digital pressure by an assistant at the base of the appendix, followed by closure of the cecum with simple interrupted sutures. 31. Appendectomy was performed using a LigaSure device placed ~1 cm from the transition appendix; appendiceal artery ligation has also been described (37). Illustrations of the anatomic features and location of the appendix (a) in healthy rabbits.
can rabbits get appendicitis
